The sakhi and the baat

A sakhi is a story about the Gurus, told rather than read, and it is how most Punjabi Sikhs learn the tradition before they encounter any text.

The sakhis circulate orally, in gurdwara discourses, in children's books and now in videos, and the version told in a household often differs in detail from the janamsakhi it derives from.

The baat is the folk tale told at night: animal stories, trickster stories, tales of kings and of clever daughters-in-law, with fixed openings and formulaic endings.

Both were told by grandmothers to children on a manji in a courtyard in summer, and both have been largely replaced by screens.

Punjabi folk tale collections exist, made by folklorists in the twentieth century, and they are out of print and were incomplete when they were made.

A sakhi is doctrine transmitted as narrative and a baat is a society transmitting its own assumptions, and both are being lost from the same room at the same time.

The sakhi is the account of an episode from the Gurus' lives and it is told with a purpose. The baat is anything else: a family, a village, a quarrel, a journey.

Both are performed rather than recited. The teller adds, adjusts to the room, and expects interruption, which is why no two tellings match.

The written collections flatten this. A janamsakhi on a page is one telling frozen, and the tradition it came out of was never one telling.

What we don't know

  • The living folk tale repertoire, which is uncollected.

Where to check this

  1. Janamsakhi traditions. Janamsakhi literature (Puratan, Bala, Miharban) - Panjab Digital Library ↗
  2. Punjabi folk tale collections. Panjab Digital Library - manuscripts, newspapers, rare books ↗

This page has not yet been read through by the editor. Treat it with more caution than the rest.

How this page was written. The text is compiled from the standard published histories and reference works, not from a document held in hand. Nobody from this project has visited the place or read the archive. The list above is where a reader can go to check it, not a record of what was consulted line by line. Dates and figures are the received account. If you hold something better, write in and it will be corrected.

This is one of 62 accounts in What the Voice Carried, the chapter of this site covering the poetry, the music and the oral tradition.