The names that were not recorded

The colonial ethnographies of Punjab recorded the gots of the landholding castes in great detail and the clan structures of the labouring and artisan communities barely at all.

Mazhabi, Ramdasia, Ravidasia, Ad-Dharmi, Valmiki, Bazigar, Sansi and the other Scheduled Caste communities of Punjab have their own clan names, marriage rules and origin traditions, and they are documented in a fraction of the detail applied to the Jat gots.

The Ad Dharm movement of the 1920s, led by Mangoo Ram Mugowalia of Mugowal in Hoshiarpur district, asserted that Punjab's Dalits were a separate original religion, not Hindus, and got Ad Dharmi recorded as a distinct category in the 1931 census. Around 400,000 people registered as such.

Mangoo Ram had been in the United States, was associated with the Ghadar Party, and came back to organise at home. That is the same route as many others in this period and it produced an entirely different politics.

Punjab has the highest Scheduled Caste population share of any Indian state and the least documented community history of any part of its population.

The Jat gots are recorded in the settlement reports because the settlement was about land and the Jats held it. The gots of the landless communities are not recorded in the same way.

Those communities have their own clan names, their own marriage rules and their own settlement histories, and almost none of it is in any document.

That gap is not accidental. A record made to establish who owns land will not record the people who own none, and everything written about Punjabi village society since has inherited the omission.

What we don't know

  • The clan and community structures of Punjab's Dalit communities, which are recorded almost nowhere.

Where to check this

  1. Census of India 1931, Punjab. Census of India 2011 - Punjab district census handbooks ↗

Named but not linked. These are real, findable documents. This project has not consulted them for this page.

  • Academic work on the Ad Dharm movement, including Mark Juergensmeyer's Religion as Social Vision.

This page has not yet been read through by the editor. Treat it with more caution than the rest.

How this page was written. The text is compiled from the standard published histories and reference works, not from a document held in hand. Nobody from this project has visited the place or read the archive. The list above is where a reader can go to check it, not a record of what was consulted line by line. Dates and figures are the received account. If you hold something better, write in and it will be corrected.

This is one of 120 accounts in The Village Itself, the chapter of this site covering how a Punjabi village works and what it holds.