The Sikh artillery was built from almost nothing into the strongest arm of the army. A foundry was set up at Lahore. Guns were cast locally, in bronze and iron, and by the 1840s the state had between 250 and 400 pieces including horse artillery batteries that could keep up with cavalry.
Claude Auguste Court and Alexander Gardner ran the technical side. The gunners were largely Muslim and Hindu, drawn from families with the trade, and the standard of their laying was remarked on by every British officer who faced them.
At Ferozeshah and Sobraon and again at Chillianwala the Sikh guns did the damage. British accounts of those battles are unanimous that the artillery was the equal of their own and in places better served.
About 250 guns were taken at the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh War. Some went to Britain as trophies, some were broken up, some sat in cantonment gates for a century.
A Punjabi bronze gun cast at Lahore in the 1830s is a piece of industrial history and there is no catalogue of what survives or where.
The Lahore artillery was built up from the 1810s with European officers and Punjabi founders, and it cast its own guns at Lahore in numbers.
By the 1840s it was the best artillery any Indian power had fielded, and the British accounts of both wars say so repeatedly and with some feeling.
The guns taken in 1849 were distributed as trophies. A number of them are in Britain and in Indian cantonments and a few are in Pakistan.