Counting in Punjabi

Punjabi numbers from one to a hundred are each an irregular word rather than a compound, which means learning to count in Punjabi means learning a hundred separate words. Most Indo-Aryan languages share this and it is a real obstacle to literacy and numeracy in the language.

Gurmukhi has its own numeral forms, ੦ ੧ ੨ ੩ ੪ ੫ ੬ ੭ ੮ ੯, which appear in the Guru Granth Sahib Ji throughout and in older printing, and which have largely been replaced by international numerals in ordinary use.

Large numbers use the Indian system: hazaar, lakh, crore, arab, and the digit grouping that goes with it.

Traditional counting for goods used the score and the dozen: a kori is twenty, and grain, fruit and cattle were counted that way.

The numeral 1 at the head of the Guru Granth Sahib Ji is the most consequential single character in the Punjabi script.

Punjabi children in the diaspora almost universally count in English, which is usually the first part of the language to go.

Punjabi counts to a hundred with a distinct word for almost every number, which means a speaker learns close to a hundred separate forms rather than a system.

The pattern is irregular in the way it is across north Indian languages, with the unit before the ten and both distorted, so that the forms have to be memorised.

Trade counting used its own units: the ser and the maund for weight, the kila and the marla and the kanal for land, and the marla is still what a plot is sold in.

What we don't know

  • Nothing central.

Where to check this

  1. Guru Granth Sahib Ji. Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji (searchable text and translations) ↗

Named but not linked. These are real, findable documents. This project has not consulted them for this page.

  • Standard descriptions of Punjabi numerals.

This page has not yet been read through by the editor. Treat it with more caution than the rest.

How this page was written. The text is compiled from the standard published histories and reference works, not from a document held in hand. Nobody from this project has visited the place or read the archive. The list above is where a reader can go to check it, not a record of what was consulted line by line. Dates and figures are the received account. If you hold something better, write in and it will be corrected.

This is one of 62 accounts in What the Voice Carried, the chapter of this site covering the poetry, the music and the oral tradition.